
Only 44 million Christians live in China, out of a population of 1.4 billion. This, although Christian missionaries tirelessly worked to convert the country for at least four centuries.
In particular, the Venerable Matteo Ricci almost succeeded in converting China in the late 16th century. Yet he and his successors ultimately failed, which teaches a useful lesson in any number of subjects, including secular ones.
That Jesuit priest and scholar began his mission in 1582 and continued it until his death in 1610. Ricci was the first Westerner to translate Confucian texts into a European language (Latin), and he compiled the first Chinese-Portuguese dictionary.
Ricci’s scientific exploits made him a highly respected figure in China. The Wanli Emperor sought Ricci’s advice on astronomy and chronology, and even invited him to enter the Forbidden City, making Ricci the first European so honoured.
Fully immersed in Chinese philosophy and language, Ricci was a cultural ecumenist, a great believer in what today is called inclusivity. He sported Chinese dress, could speak and write classical Chinese, and in general displayed none of the superciliousness of some other European visitors.
However, his mission wasn’t primarily cultural. Ricci was in China to guide the locals to Christ, and he embarked on that task from an ecumenical premise. Realising that Chinese culture was thoroughly permeated with Confucianism, he sought to emphasise the similarities between that ancient philosophy and Christianity.
Missionaries from the mendicant Franciscan and Dominican orders took exception to Ricci’s approach, accusing him of compromising Christian doctrine. In response, he restated his commitment to orthodoxy, saying: “Simus, ut sumus, aut non simus” (“We shall remain as we are or we shall not remain at all”).
However, it turned out that remaining as he was, an orthodox Catholic, ran into conflict with Confucianism, much as Ricci tried to emphasise the similarities.
These are numerous. Both Confucians and Christians recognise the value of compassion, empathy, filial piety, respect for elders, friendship, community, social hierarchy, ethics. Such overlaps have always attracted Western atheists and Christian apostates to various Eastern creeds.
Chesterton was scathing about that sort of thing, saying wittily that such people always insist “that Christianity and Buddhism are very much alike, especially Buddhism”. Similarities do exist, argued Chesterton, but they are superficial and peripheral. The core Christian beliefs are incompatible with Buddhism or, as Ricci found out, Confucianism (he, by the way, disliked Buddhism).
Confucianism is humanistic, with man occupying its credal centre. In Christianity, that role is played by God, which shines a different light on the world.
Morality is an important part of Christianity, but it’s derivative from its theocentrism. Thus, while Confucians believe in the innate goodness of man, Christians know that man is sinful.
Original sin is a core belief of Judaeo-Christianity, but it runs contrary to Eastern philosophies and religions. Morality to a Christian is achieved through God’s grace first and proper exercise of free will second. It’s salvation that’s the ultimate goal of life for Christians, not morality, as it is for Confucians.
Ricci tried to downplay the differences and cultivate the common ground. You abhor seeing others suffer, he kept saying – so do we. You emphasise honesty – so do we. You insist on acting ethically – so do we. You value wisdom – so do we.
You promote the Golden Rule – so do we. Look, Confucius says, “Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you”, and our “Do unto others…” says exactly the same thing in almost the same words.
His Confucian listeners listened politely and respectfully, nodded, smiled – and remained Confucian. They too were saying Simus, ut sumus, aut non simus, in their own singsong language, and, a few exceptions apart, they never changed their tune.
Fast-forward to the 20th century, and a curious phenomenon emerges. When assorted socialist creeds, including the most extreme one, communism, began to hold sway, they found a more fertile ground among Confucians than among Christians.
Communism is compatible only with Christian apostasy, not Christianity. By contrast, Confucianism can comfortably coexist with communism, provided Marxist rhetoric is accepted as its reality.
Paradoxically, Confucianism, an ancient philosophy founded in the 6th century BC, is consonant in some of its presuppositions with Enlightenment fallacies. One such is insistence on the innate goodness of man, which effortlessly floated from Rousseau to Marx.
(When people are found to fall short of that ideal, communists are so disappointed that they try to kill everyone who has let them down.)
Man is born in primordial goodness; he is, according to Rousseau, a noble savage. Hence any society should be organised in such a way as to open all paths to virtue. Already in Rousseau, and certainly in Marx, it was clear that it was the state’s job to define virtue as it saw fit.
And if some individuals’ understanding of virtue differed from the state’s mandate, Rousseau knew exactly what to do:
“The state should be capable of transforming every individual into part of the greater whole from which he, in a manner, gets his life and being; of altering man’s constitution for the purpose of strengthening it. [It should be able] to take from the man his own resources and give him instead new ones alien to him and incapable of being made use of without the help of others. The more completely these inherited resources are annihilated, the greater and more lasting are those which he acquires.”
The entirety of modern totalitarianism is contained in that quotation. This, I believe, is a logical (though perhaps not inevitable) development of humanism, understood in its meaning of anthropocentrism. Transplant this thought into the soil of Confucianism, rich in veneration of authority, community and man-centred ethics, and you can see how this Rousseauan sapling can grow into a luxuriant Maoist tree.
For a Christian to accept communism, he has to abandon Christianity. Otherwise he must act in the spirit of simus, ut sumus, aut non simus, even if he has never heard the phrase. A Confucian doesn’t face such a stark choice, which gets us back to Matteo Ricci, a sage and saintly man who dedicated his life to a noble but lost cause.
His failure ought to remind us that peripheral similarities should never blind us to the existence of core incompatibilities. We should be able to coexist with those of other cultures, but our central beliefs can’t coexist with theirs.
Multiculturalism, in its present meaning of a large menu of equally tasty dishes from all over the world, is thus civilisational suicide, a sort of Dignitas for deracinated societies. The more deracinated a society is, the more likely it is to insist that all cultures are equally valuable – meaning that its own has no special significance.
When this malaise sets in, it usually proves fatal. Thus R.G. Collingwood:
“Civilisations sometimes perish because they are forcibly broken up by the armed attack of enemies without or revolutionaries within; but never from this cause alone. Such attacks never succeed unless the thing that is attacked is weakened by doubt as to whether the end which it sets before itself, the form of life which it tries to realise, is worth achieving.”
Matteo Ricci’s failure is actually his success in that his life teaches us a valuable lesson. We ignore it at our peril.








